Īmong the Hellenes, Egyptians, and others, vegetarianism had medical or ritual purification purposes. : 156–171 : 13 : 127–129 Chapter 26 of the Tirukkural, particularly couplets 251–260, deals exclusively on vegetarianism or veganism. The ancient Indian work of the Tirukkuṟaḷ, dated before 5th century CE, explicitly and unambiguously emphasizes shunning meat and non-killing as a common man's virtues. Faxian, Chinese pilgrim to India (4th/5th century CE), A Record of Buddhistic Kingdoms (translated by James Legge) Only the Chandalas are fishermen and hunters, and sell flesh meat. In buying and selling commodities they use cowries. In that country they do not keep pigs and fowls, and do not sell live cattle in the markets there are no butchers' shops and no dealers in intoxicating drink. That is the name for those who are (held to be) wicked men, and live apart from others. The only exception is that of the Chandalas. Throughout the whole country the people do not kill any living creature, nor drink intoxicating liquor, nor eat onions or garlic. From 1841, it was known as A Concordium, or Industry Harmony College, from which time the institution began to publish its own pamphlet entitled The Healthian, which provides some of the earliest appearances of the term "vegetarian". The earliest occurrences of the term seem to be related to Alcott House-a school on the north side of Ham Common, London-which was opened in July 1838 by James Pierrepont Greaves. The term was popularized with the foundation of the Vegetarian Society in Manchester in 1847, although it may have appeared in print before 1847. Modern dictionaries explain its origin as a compound of vegetable ( adjective) and the suffix -arian (in the sense of agrarian). Historically, 'vegetable' could be used to refer to any type of edible vegetation. The first written use of the term "vegetarian" originated in the early 19th century, when authors referred to a vegetable regimen diet. While some vegetarians scrutinize product labels for such ingredients, others do not object to consuming them, or are unaware of their presence. Packaged and processed foods may contain minor quantities of animal ingredients. For vitamin B 12, depending on the presence or absence of eggs and dairy products in the diet or other reliable B 12 sources, vegetarians may incur a nutritional deficiency. As the strictest of vegetarian diets, a vegan diet excludes all animal products, and can be accompanied by abstention from the use of animal-derived products, such as leather shoes. There are many variations of the vegetarian diet: an ovo-lacto vegetarian diet includes both eggs and dairy products, an ovo-vegetarian diet includes eggs but not dairy products, and a lacto-vegetarian diet includes dairy products but not eggs. Other motivations for vegetarianism are health-related, political, environmental, cultural, aesthetic, economic, taste-related, or relate to other personal preferences. Such ethical motivations have been codified under various religious beliefs as well as animal rights advocacy. Many people object to eating meat out of respect for sentient animal life. Vegetarianism may be adopted for various reasons. It may also include abstaining from eating all by-products of animal slaughter. Vegetarianism is the practice of abstaining from the consumption of meat ( red meat, poultry, seafood, insects, and the flesh of any other animal). Ovo, lacto, ovo-lacto, veganism, raw veganism, fruitarianism, Buddhist vegetarianism, Jain vegetarianism, Jewish vegetarianism, Christian vegetarianism, Sattvic vegetarianism Vegetarianismĭiet derived from plants, with or without eggs and dairy
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